Tugas SMTI B.Ing Conditional Sentences

Conditional Sentences / If-Clauses Type I, II und III

Language Guide German + Dictionary for iPhone and iPod-Touch (made by ego4u)

Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.

Conditional Sentence Type 1

→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form:if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

more on Conditional Sentences Type I ►

Conditional Sentence Type 2

→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form:if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

more on Conditional Sentences Type II ►

Conditional Sentence Type 3

→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.

Form:if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

more on Conditional Sentences Type III ►

Exceptions

Sometimes Conditional Sentences Type I, II and III can also be used with other tenses.

more on Conditional Sentences used with other tenses ►

Exercises on Conditional Sentences

Conditional Sentence Type 1

• Exercise on If Clauses Type I
• Exercise 2 on If Clauses Type I

Conditional Sentence Type 2

• Exercise on If Clauses Type II
• Exercise 2 on If Clauses Type II

Conditional Sentence Type 3

• Exercise on If Clauses Type III
• Exercise 2 on If Clauses Type III

Mixed Exercises on Conditional Sentences

• Type I or II • Exercise 2 • Exercise 3
• Type I, II or III • Exercise 2 • Exercise 3
• Fairytale “The Cat and the Mouse”
• Exercise on “New Orleans” text

Exceptions

• Exercise on If Clauses Type I with Auxiliaries
• Exercise on If Clauses Type I • Exercise 2
• Exercise on If Clauses Type II
• Exercise on If Clauses Type III

Tests on Conditional Sentences

• Conditional Sentences Type 1
• Conditional Sentences Type 1 and 2
• Conditional Sentences Type 1, 2 and 3
• Conditional Sentences Type 1, 2, 3 and Exceptions

Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)

Exercises on Reported Speech

If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a statement, question or request.

Statements

When transforming statements, check whether you have to change:

• pronouns
• present tense verbs (3rd person singular)
• place and time expressions
• tenses (backshift)

Type	Example
direct speech	“I speak English.”
reported speech (no backshift)	He says that he speaks English.
reported speech (backshift)	He said that he spoke English.

→ more on statements in reported speech

Questions

When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:

• pronouns
• present tense verbs (3rd person singular)
• place and time expressions
• tenses (backshift)

Also note that you have to:

• transform the question into an indirect question
• use the interrogative or if / whether

Type		Example
with interrogative	direct speech	“Why don’t you speak English?”
	reported speech	He asked me why I didn’t speak English.
without interrogative	direct speech	“Do you speak English?”
	reported speech	He asked me whether / if I spoke English.

→ more on questions in reported speech

Requests

When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:

• pronouns
• place and time expressions

Type	Example
direct speech	“Carol, speak English.“
reported speech	He told Carol to speak English.

→ more on requests in reported speech

Additional Information and Exeptions

Apart from the above mentioned basic rules, there are further aspects that you should keep in mind, for example:

• main clauses connected with and / but
• tense of the introductory clause
• reported speech for difficult tenses
• exeptions for backshift
• requests with must, should, ought to and let’s

→ more on additional information and exeptions in reported speech

Exercises on Reported Speech

Statements in Reported Speech

• no backshift – change of pronouns
• no backshift – change of pronouns and places
• with backshift
• with backshift and change of place and time expressions

Questions in Reported Speech

• Exercise 1
• Exercise 2

Requests in Reported Speech

• Exercise 1 – requests (positive)
• Exercise 2 – requests (negative)
• Exercise 3 – requests (mixed)

Mixed Exercises on Reported Speech

• Exercise 1
• Exercise 2

Grammar in Texts

• „The Canterville Ghost“ (highlight direct speech and reported speech)